Icariin is a flavonoid derived from the plant Epimedium (horny goat weed). Evidence suggests that icariin is a phosphodiesterase type-5 inhibitor, as is sildenafil, the active ingredient in viagra. This may explain its beneficial effects of reproductive function. In addition, icariin may regulate osteoblast anabolism and thereby have an effect on bone formation, favouring bone accretion, as evidenced in animal studies. Animal studies also show that icariin can inhibit glucocorticoid receptor downregulation as well as confer antidepressant effects. Icariin has also been shown to have neuroprotective effects perhaps by down regulating deposition of β-amyloid deposition. Following stroke, icariin may reduce oedema and the size of the infarct. Icariin appears to be poorly absorbed, but this is not unusual amongst flavonoids, which mostly show low bioavailability. Some studies have reported gastrointestinal problems with high doses, but otherwise the compound appears to be well tolerated and safe.
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