Evidence from cell culture studies shows that L-carnitine and acetyl-L-carnitine (ALC) have neuroprotective effects. This is also supported by evidence from animal studies, for example using rats. The mechanism of action may involve neuroprotection through a decrease in neurotoxicity as well as an increase in neuronal growth and recovery. Studies involving the elderly show that positive effects on cognition are evident for L-carnitine and ALC. As well as its cognitive effects, L-carnitine may improve body composition (through increased muscle mass and reduced fat mass) and may reduce mental fatigue. Both L-carnitine and ALC are directly involved in the production of energy in cells and so they may function by causing increases in ATP production. This may provide optimal ATP conditions for neuronal activity and this improves brain function. Some evidence suggests that L-carnitine and ALC may have indirect effects on cognition through gene regulatory effects.
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