Propolis derives its name from the fact that it is used to cover the hive walls as a form of protection. Bees also use propolis to fill cracks and gaps, and it can therefore be thought of as bee glue. Propolis consists of resin collected from plants which can be found on leaf buds of trees such as birch, willow, alder, pine, poplar and palm. The resin is then mixed with secretions from worker bees that add enzymes and saliva. Some bees mix the propolis with soil to form geopropolis. Propolis has healing properties in humans and animals that includes antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, hepatoprotective and anti-inflammatory properties. Propolis can be taken as a nutritional supplement where it is available in capsules or tablets. Propolis contains nearly 200 components that include polyphenols (including flavonoids and phenolic acids), phenolic aldehydes, ketones, volatile oils, aromatic acids, waxes, resins, balms and pollen grains which are a rich source of essential elements such as magnesium, nickel, calcium, iron and zinc.
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